Print this page

Published: 9 March 2011

New intelligence on saving city stormwater

Alexandra de Blas

When heavy rain falls in the city, roads and footpaths become runways for toxic chemicals that flush into stormwater, polluting rivers and streams. Alexandra de Blas looks at an innovative new solution to the problem.

Biofilta plants could change the way we store and clean polluted stormwater.
Credit: Biofilta

Stormwater-borne toxins are a ticking time bomb for aquatic plants and animals in iconic water bodies such as Sydney Harbour and Port Phillip Bay. At the same time, heritage parks and gardens may be dying of thirst. Biofilta, a compact new technology, addresses both problems by transforming the way we store and clean polluted stormwater.

Historically seen as a waste to pump or pipe away, stormwater can be used as a valuable resource in space-poor inner city environments.

‘We designed it primarily for climate adaptation in response to prolonged dry spells, to help cities develop water security in a drying and warming climate,’ says Mr Brendan Condon, Director of Biofilta Stormwater Solutions and CEO of Australian Ecosystems. The Biofilta company is a working partnership between Cardno – a global infrastructure services consultancy – and Australian Ecosystems, the largest native nursery in Australia.

The first project, scheduled for Darling Street in East Melbourne, is being built for the City of Melbourne and will cost between $800 000 and $900 000 to construct and commission. It will treat a 30-ha inner city urban catchment, and capture and cleanse ~20 million litres of water annually – the equivalent of 20 Olympic swimming pools.

The Biofilta is the world’s first pre-grown modular bioretention system that collects and treats storm water to a standard suitable for your vegie garden. Think of it like a series of 500 × 500 mm milk crates, packed full of grassy coastal plants firmly rooted in sandy soil, laid in the ground like the grass of a cricket pitch. Multiple treatments are possible once the rain event has passed, allowing the water to be cleansed to a very high standard for reuse.

The grassy filters on the surface occupy a small area, but the underground tanks store large amounts of water, and can be networked across a city. This system has the potential to supply water to public gardens during dry spells, cool cities during heat waves, and catch the polluted front end of heavy rainfall events.

Biofilta can occupy 30 times less surface area than a wetland processing the same volume of water, and 10 times less than conventional rain gardens. This flexibility allows designs to vary in shape and size depending on location, whether they are for parks and gardens, urban residential developments or car parks.

The proof of concept was established at the university research scale, then Biofilta and Cardno turned the concept into a commercial reality and patented the system.

This new approach has potentially significant cost savings. When the City of Melbourne compared the Biofilta with a conventional raingarden system in a 40-ha urban catchment, it found that the new system would cost 75 per cent less to build – saving around $3 million – while annual maintenance would cost a tenth of the conventional system.

Pre-growing the top section in the nursery enables fully established robust plants to be set in place, ready to deal with heat waves, extended dry periods and intense rainfall. This eliminates long establishment periods and the costly maintenance associated with planting immature plants in a harsh environment.

While Biofilta has many benefits in the inner city, raingardens will be preferable in some locations and the system will never have the habitat and biodiversity benefits of a healthy constructed wetland.

Biofilta now has around ten precinct-sized stormwater harvesting systems in the design phase, and expects to construct and commission 10–15 systems over the next 12–18 months.







Published: 9 March 2011

Zero Carbon Australia plan, revisited

Matthew Wright and Patrick Hearps

In 2010 the Beyond Zero Emissions group released a report with the University of Melbourne’s Energy Research Institute claiming that Australia could be powered by renewable energy sources by 2020. Here its lead authors reply to some of the points raised by Dr Mark Diesendorf’s review of the report in ECOS 157.

This Gemasolar CST plant in Seville, Spain, is despatching electricity to the Spanish grid.
This Gemasolar CST plant in Seville, Spain, is despatching electricity to the Spanish grid.
Credit: Torresol Energy/SENER

The Zero Carbon Australia (ZCA) Stationary Energy Plan sets out strategies for powering Australia with 100 per cent renewable energy by 2020. While the plan stands alone as the only technical blueprint for completely decarbonising the domestic energy sector, it is a work in progress. There are areas to improve and some clarifications we would like to make about some of the recommendations.

Our research was undertaken with two explicit parameters: energy technologies selected had to be both commercially available and from carbon-free renewable energy sources. This explains why the ZCA Plan identifies a 60/40 mix of concentrated solar thermal (CST) power and large-scale wind developments as the backbone of a decarbonised energy system. Together with existing hydropower, investment in CST with molten salt storage, backup from a small percentage of biomass power, an upgraded electricity grid, and comprehensive energy efficiency measures, Australia can reliably meet its energy needs from renewable electricity generation. The technologies selected were not preordained; rather they were chosen on the basis that they worked within ZCA’s parameters.

The ZCA scenario also includes natural gas. Under the plan, Australia would use existing gas infrastructure in a staged scale-back, until the last gas power plants are mothballed in 2020. The most carbon-intensive coal power plants must be first to be decommissioned as large-scale renewables come online, made possible by the deployment of CST power towers with molten salt storage for 24-h operation.

CST is a nascent, commercially available energy technology. At November 2010, there were 632.4 electrical megawatts (MWe) of CST operating in Spain, including 250 MWe with storage, and a further 422 MWe in the US. Another 2000 MWe are in advanced stages of construction and development in Spain. This project pipeline amounts to over a US$20 billion investment. Meanwhile, in the US, federal loan guarantees and cash grants have fostered the approval of over 4 000 MW of CST, many of which have begun construction.

The CST plants in the ZCA Plan are modelled on the Spanish Gemasolar plant, which is now dispatching electricity to the Spanish grid. Our cost projections are based on those from existing projects in the US and Spain, with provisions for significant cost reductions following the first 1000 MWe installed.

The infrastructure rollout proposed under the ZCA plan, including these CST plants, is well within Australia’s industrial capability. Dr Diesendorf presents a global shortage of electrical engineers as a constraining factor. However, CST plants constructed under the ZCA plan would be replicated with a standardised series of plants, reducing the need for electrical engineers who are mostly required during the design phase.

As to the value of an east–west transmission link, more detailed modelling will be conducted for version 2.0 of the ZCA plan. Even without this data, it is premature to rule out the cost effectiveness of a transcontinental grid. Siemens proposes an east–west link in its 2010 report Picture the Future: Australia – Energy and Water. High-voltage direct current (HDVC) infrastructure is already in widespread use in the US, Canada, Europe and South America, and China has now commissioned the 2071 km Xiangjiaba-Shanghai 800 kV Ultra HVDC link.

The ZCA plan puts forward a single scenario largely in order to identify the specific challenges around implementation. We do not claim that the current iteration of the ZCA plan is the optimal solution. We would like to invite engineers and scientists from around Australia to provide their services as pro bono researchers with the Zero Carbon Australia project and make version 2.0 an even stronger document than the first.

We don’t think the Zero Carbon Australia initiative is brave. We think it’s necessary.

Matthew Wright and Patrick Hearps are lead authors of the Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan. Matthew Wright is Executive Director of Beyond Zero Emissions and the 2010 Environment Minister’s Young Environmentalist of the Year. Patrick Hearps is a research fellow at the University of Melbourne’s Energy Research Institute.


More information

Mark Diesendorf’s review of the ZCA plan (‘Ambitious target does not quite measure up’):
www.ecosmagazine.com/?paper=EC10024
ZCA plan: www.ZeroCarbonPlan.org/
Basis for cost projections for CST plants:
US National Energy Renewable Laboratory – www.nrel.gov/csp/pdfs/35060.pdf







ECOS Archive

Welcome to the ECOS Archive site which brings together 40 years of sustainability articles from 1974-2014.

For more recent ECOS articles visit the blog. You can also sign up to the email alert or RSS feed